Topic 10: Organic Chemistry
10.1 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
Homologous series
-
Series of compounds that have the same general formula, but varies in the length of the main chain.
-
The bigger the chain, the bigger the boiling point, due to stronger London Forces.
Structural Formulas
-
Full structural formula
-
Example:
-
-
Condensed structural formula
-
Example:
-

-
Skeletal formula
-
Example:
-
Structural isomers
Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structural formula.
Functional groups
-
reactive part of the molecules
-
Alkane: --
-
Alkene: alkenyl
-
Alkyne: alkynyl
-
Arene: phenyl
-
Alcohols: hydroxyl
-
Aldehydes: aldehyde
-
Ketones: carbonyl
-
Carboxylic acid: carboxyl
-
Ether: ether
-
Esther: esther
-
Amine: amino
-
Amide: amido
-
Nitriles: cyano
Saturation of carbons
-
Saturated carbons: single bonds
-
Unsaturated carbons: double or triple bonds
Benzene
Unsaturated aromatic ring with 6 carbons
10.2 Functional Group Chemistry
Alkanes
-
Relatively inert/ low reactivity
-
combustion of alkanes
-
General rule:
-


-
-
Example:
-
Halogenation of alkanes--> becomes more reactive
- Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution
-
Example:
Note: you have to know this mechanism by heart!
Alkanes
-
Hydrogenation
-
Example:
-

-
Halogenation
- Example:


-
Polimerization
- Example:

Alcohols
-
Oxidation
-
primary: alcohol -distillation-> Aldehydes -Refluxing->carboxilic acid
-
secondary: alcohol --> ketone
-
tertiary: no reaction
-
-
Estherification
-
Acid + Alcohol --> Esther + water
-

-
Benzene
-
does not undergo addition reactions
-
Electrophilic substitution reactions
-
Example:
-

-
Bromine Water
- Liquid bromine is used to determine unsaturation
-
Example:
