Homologous series​​​

• Series of compounds that have the same general formula, but varies in the length of the main chain.

• The bigger the chain, the bigger the boiling point, due to stronger London Forces.

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Structural Formulas

• Full structural formula

  • Example:​

• Condensed structural formula

  • ​Example: 

• Skeletal formula

  • Example: 

Structural isomers

Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structural formula.

​​Functional groups

• reactive part of the molecules

• Alkane: --

• Alkene: alkenyl

• Alkyne: alkynyl

• Arene: phenyl

• Alcohols: hydroxyl

• Aldehydes: aldehyde

• Ketones: carbonyl

• Carboxylic acid: carboxyl

• Ether: ether

• Esther: esther

• Amine: amino

• Amide: amido

• Nitriles: cyano

​

Saturation of carbons ​

• Saturated carbons: single bonds

• Unsaturated carbons: double or triple bonds

​

Benzene

Unsaturated aromatic ring with 6 carbons

Alkanes

• Relatively inert/ low reactivity

• combustion of alkanes 

  • General rule:

•  

  • ​Example:

Halogenation of alkanes--> becomes more reactive

• Mechanism: Free Radical Substitution​

• Example:

Note: you have to know this mechanism by heart!

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Alkanes

• Hydrogenation

  • Example:​

• Halogenation

  • ​Example:​

• Polimerization

  • ​Example:​

Alcohols

• Oxidation 

  • primary​: alcohol -distillation-> Aldehydes -Refluxing->carboxilic acid

  • secondary: alcohol --> ketone

  • tertiary: no reaction

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• Estherification

  • Acid + Alcohol --> Esther + water​

• Benzene

  • does not undergo addition reactions​

  • Electrophilic substitution reactions

  • Example:​

• ​Bromine Water

  • Liquid bromine is used to determine unsaturation

  • Example:​​